The Battles (I and II and III) of El Alamein Jul - Nov 1942
In June of 1942, it looked as if the Panzerarmee Afrika, under the command of “the Desert Fox”, Field Marshall Erwin Rommel could undo the Allied advance completely, capturing Cairo and the Suez Canal. The strategic value of the canal meant that the Allies had to prevent this at all costs and El Alamein held the key. In three battles from July to November, the Allies managed to turn the tide of the war in North Africa.
The Australian 9th Division played a pivotal role, having been withdrawn from successfully enduring the siege of Tobruk, and was refitted and reinforced in Palestine. The 6th and 7th Divisions had returned to Australia to meet the Japanese advance in New Guinea.
The Australians joined the British XXX Corps at El Alamein on 4 July and five days later attacked along the coast towards Tel El Eisa. An unexpected attack by the Australian 9th Division on Rommel’s northern flank in July at Tel el Eisa was followed by four attacks on 10, 17, 22 and 26/27 as part of XXX Corps operations. In the attack on 22 July, Private A S Gurney of the 2/48th Battalion won a posthumous Victoria Cross.
Heavy bombing of German supplies in response to Rommel’s offensive in August, and finally a successful Allied offensive from the end of October preceded a massive night attack the culmination of the third battle in November. The Panzerarmee was forced to withdraw, initially from El Alamein, and finally from North Africa altogether.
Before Alamein we never had a victory. After Alamein, we never had a defeat WInston Churchill
The 9th Australian Division played a pivotal role in British 8th Army’s battles from July and November 1942 to halt the German and Italian advance towards the Nile and then to decisively defeat and force them to retreat. After a lull in the desert fighting, Field Marshal Erwin Rommel launched an offensive on 26 May 1942 with the objective of capturing Tobruk which surrendered less than a month later on 21 June. The British and Commonwealth forces retreated back across the Egyptian frontier, first to Mersa Matruh and then to El Alamein where a defensive position had been established between the coast and the impassable Qattara Depression.
On the first three days of July, Rommel attacked what was known as the Alamein Box but the 8th Army won the preliminary phase of the battle. Next day, 4 July, the advance guard of the 9th Australian Division, commanded by Lieutenant General Sir Leslie Morshead arrived at the battlefront from Syria. It was soon followed by the rest of the division. On 10 July, the 9th Division attacked in the north and established itself on Tel el Eisa Ridge. Rommel attacked in the south the same day and for the next three weeks both the British including the 9th Division and the Germans and Italians launched a series of attacks with the British unable to drive Rommel’s forces from Alamein and Rommel being unable to break through to the Nile.
Rommel made his last attempt to break through on 30 August at Alam Halfa but strong British defences forced him to go on the defensive. In August General Alexander was appointed British Commander of Chief in the Middle East and General Montgomery was given command of the 8th Army. The second Battle of El Alamein began on 23 October 1942, with 220,000 Allied troops, 1100 tanks and 900 guns pitted against 180,000 German and Italian soldiers, 600 tanks and 500 guns. ‘Operation Lightfoot’ called for infantry from Australia, Britain, South Africa and New Zealand to attack along a 14 kilometre front to clear the way for an armoured advance. The opening assault continued for two days but failed to produce corridors through the minefields to allow an armoured breakthrough.
The 9th Division at the northern end of the line was ordered to begin attacking northwards towards the sea and for a week most of the infantry action was undertaken by the Australians. The Australians bought the Allies the time they needed, drawing enemy forces north and unbalancing them. On 2 November 1942, New Zealand and British troops, backed up by British armoured brigades, launched ‘Operation Supercharge’. The operation proved very difficult, with Allied troops suffering heavy losses before finally breaking through the German lines. By late afternoon on 4 November 1942, the enemy was in full retreat. The Allied victory at El Alamein presaged the surrender of the Germans in North Africa in May 1943. El Alamein was the 9th Division’s last battle in the Middle East before returning to Australia to face the Japanese in the South West Pacific.
The RAAF including No. 3 and No. 459 RAAF Squadrons as well as many RAAF personnel serving in RAF squadrons played a important role supporting the 8th Army in the battles at El Alamein and in the pursuit of the retreating Germans and Italians.
From: mhttps://www.awmlondon.gov.au/battles/el-alamein (www.awmlondon.gov.au)
For further information visit https://www.awm.gov.au/encyclopedia/el_alamein/reading/ (www.awm.gov.au)
