Anniversary of Operation 'Chastise' - The Dams Raid May 16/17 1943
'Operation Chastise' is more famously known as "The Dams Raid" and is arguably one of the most famous single operations of WW2. Audacious in concept and execution, high risk, technically almost abstract and demanding the highest levels of airmanship and flying skill. The crews were handpicked for very obvious reasons.
Thirteen Australians flew on the raid in various capacities, of whom two were lost. One other became a PoW and another successfully escaped and evaded capture getting through Holland, linked up wiith the Resistance in Belgium, and was moved through France and Spain to Gibraltar. See the list below. More Australians were to serve with the Squadron subsequently.
The raid entailed nineteen specially modified Lancaster Mk III (designated B Mk111 Special) bombers modified to carry the purpose-designed 'Upkeep' bouncing bomb - more correctly described as a depth charge or mine. They had their mid-upper turrets and a lot of internal armour removed. Their fuselages were cut away to accomodate the bomb and its mechanism
Taking off from their base at RAF Scampton they were to fly at very low level to their targets in three waves. The first of nine aircraft in three echelons of three aircraft each, the second of five aircraft and the third also of five, as a flying reserve.
A 617 Squadron Lancaster releasing an 'Upkeep' mine during testing
'Upkeep' was designed to attack and breach three key dams in the Ruhr valley supplying energy and water to the Nazi war machine. Destruction of power generation, water supply and industrial capacity was the objective. Anticipated flood damage would be a second order bonus.
Much of the RAF top brass – including Head of Bomber Command, Sir Arthur Harris – were critical of the bouncing bomb concept as impractical and high risk. But Chief of Air Staff, Chief Marshal Charles Portal was convinced by tests of the bomb in Dorset, and overruled their objections.
'Upkeep' was carried in an external frame with a motor drive that imparted a reverse rotation, so that when dropped at the correct height (60 feet above the surface) established by convergent spotlights under the aircraft, the bomb would skip across the surface of the dam, avoiding torpedo nets suspended in defence across the lake. It would then hit the dam wall and sink to a depth of 30 feet, when hydrostatic pistols would detonate the bomb. The resulting hydaulic pressure effect would in theory rupture the dam wall.
An 'Upkeep' mine loaded aboard WCDR Guy Gibson's Lancaster, AJ-'G for George'. Note the chain drive to impart reverse rotation on the bombing run
The conception of the raid owed much to Professor Barnes Wallis, the inventor of the 'Upkeep' bomb and the principles it embodied. He had played a key role in the design of the ubiquitous Vickers Wellington bomber with its unique geodetic construction. He later went on to design the two 'earthquake' bombs, the 12,000lb 'Tallboy" and the ten ton "Grand Slam", with which ZNo. 617 Squadron was to attack and destroy a range of high value targets from viaducts to 'V' Weapon sites and the German battleship 'Tirpitz' through the remainder of the War.
The cost / benefit equation?
Eight aircraft failed to return, five of which were lost on the way to the target, and a total of 53 aircrew were killed. Three aircrew (two of whom were Australians) were captured as PoW. Lancaster AJ-E piloted by Australian Flight Lieutenant 'Norm' Barlow, DFC was lost when it collided with a high tension power pylon (indicative of the very low level they were flying at), killing all of the crew when it crashed, but the Top Secret 'Upkeep' bomb broke away as the aircraft impacted and was recovered intact by the Germans.
German personnel examine the Upkeep bomb recovered from the wreckage of a crashed Lancaster. 'Upkeep' was never used again.
A staggering testament to the high rate of attrition among Bomber Command crews was that of the 80 aircrew who survived the raid, 22 were killed in subsequent 617 Squadron operations including the CO's entire crew in September 1943 (Gibson was detached from the unit at the time) and another 10 with other units. Gibson himself was one among these 10, being killed on what was to have been his last raid in September 1944.
Only 48 men of the 133 who took part in the raid survived the war.
The effect? The resulting floods sent a 30-foot wall of water into the Ruhr region, killing 1,600 and destroying power stations, factories, roads and rail lines. The Mohne and Eder dams were breached but only three Lancasters were able to make bombing runs against the earthen Sorpe dam, a more difficult target to access and breach; it was damaged, but not destroyed.
The Eder Dam the day after the raid with the breach and water continuing to flow into the valley below clearly visible.
Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-C0212-0043-012,_Edertalsperre,_Zerstörung.jpg (800 × 596 pixels, file size: 54 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Creative Commons
The raid's impact was relatively short-term – in spite of the success of the raid, the dams were repaired and power restored by the end of June, and industrial capacity by October. What it did do was divert a massive re-construction effort by the Todt Organisation, which was also involved in building Hitlers 'Atlantic Wall' defences, and dealing with increasing levels of bomb damage across the Reich.
Revisionist commentators have questioned the actual effect of the raid almost from the outset. Others have reviewed it in a different light - see the attached story.
Frankly, in this author's opinion, debates about actual / marginal impact on industrial capacity etc matter less than the morale effect for the Allies in general and the RAF and Britain in particular at the time. Morale is a key combat multiplier whichever way analysts choose to do the numbers and in that dimension alone this raid was a triumph of conception, planning, training and execution.
It attracted world wide attention at the time, when the tide of war had yet to turn in favour of the Allies. No. 617 Squadron's continuing contribution to the war effort was incontrovertible, albeit costly in terms of the lives of the aircrew that flew with it.
Australians on the raid 16/17 May 1943
Flying Officer 'Micky' Martin, Originally from Sydney, he had joined the RAF after working his way to the UK. He was the pilot of AJ-P for 'Popsie' in his time in No. 617 Squadron, and the squadron's low flying specialist in the lead up to the raid. He survived the war and continued a career in the RAF and was later known more formally as Air Marshal Sir Harold Brownlow Martin KCB, DSO DFC* in 1970. He retired fom the RAF in 1974.
407729 Flying Officer (Later Squadron Leader) David Shannon, DSO* DFC* From Bridgewater in the Adelaide Hills, Shannon was the youngest pilot on the raid, a few weeks short of his 21st birthday at the time of the raid. Flying AJ-L ('for Leather' - a play on words) He subsequently became the most highly decorated RAAF airman flying at the time. He survived the war with more than 80 missions to his credit.
407074 Flight Lieutenant Bob Hay DFC* of Malvern SA, and bomb aimer in Mick Martin's crew. KIA 1944 on a 617 Sqn raid to the Antheor Viaduct Italy 13 February 1944.
407380 Pilot Officer Fred Spafford, DFC, DFM of Wayville, SA. Bomb Aimer of AJ-G raid leader's aircraft. Lost in September 1943 on the Dortmund Ems Canal Raid.
401449 Flight Lieutenant Les Knight DFC MiD, from Camberwell, Melbourne, VIC. Pilot of AJ-N for Nuts. Lost in September 1943 on the Dortmund Ems Canal Raid.
Flight Lieutenant Robert 'Norm' Barlow DFC of Carlton, Melbourne, VIC. Pilot of AJ-E for 'Easy', killed en route to the target with his crew.
405224 Flying Officer Charles Williams, DFC, of Townsville Qld. 'Norm' Barlow's Wireless Operator, lost with AJ-E.
402367 Flight Lieutenant J. F. Leggo DFC and Bar of Lake Macquarie, NSW; Navigator of Martin's 'AJ-P for 'Popsie'.
021979 Pilot Officer Tony Burcher, DFM. Rear gunner of FLTLT John Hopgood's aircraft AJ-M lost over the Mohne Dam and one of only two survivors of it. Captured - PoW
404595 Pilot Officer Toby Foxlee, DFM, of Brisbane, Qld. Front gunner of Mick Martin's crew in AJ-P.
406248 Pilot Officer Lance Howard, DFC - of Perth, WA. Navigator AJ- 'O' for Orange. Founded Bull Creek in WA, a major RAAF Heritage and Veteran Welfare centre after the war.
411453 Flight Sergeant Bob Kellow, DFM - from Newcastle, NSW. Les Knight's Wireless Operator. Survived the Dams raid but their was aircraft lost on the subsequent Op Dortmund Ems Canal raid in September 1943. Kellow successfully evaded capture in Holland becoming the first RAAF escapee to do so. He eventually got home via Gibraltar thanks to the Resistance Underground.
408076 Flight Sergeant (later Flight Lieutenant) T. D. 'Tammy' Simpson DFC, DFM of Hobart, Tas. Rear Gunner in AJ-P Mick Martin's crew. Survived the raid and later servied in the Pacific.
Compiled May 2018 Steve Larkins - Updated April 2023
References:
Brickhill, Paul (1951). The Dam Busters. London: Evans Brothers Ltd. ISBN 0-330-23618-0.
Cooper, Alan W. (2013). 'The Dam Buster Raid: A Re-appraisal, 70 Years On). Barnsley: Pen & Sword Aviaton. ISBN 978-1-78159-474-2.
Burgess, Colin, 2021.'Australia's Dambusters - Flying into Hell with 617 Squadron'. Simon and Schuster, Sydney ISBN: 9781760859237
Australian Dictionary of Biography