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Excerpt from Blood Sweat and Fears: Medical Practitioners and Medical Students of South Australian who Served in World War 1. Courtesy of the Authors

Hugh William Bell Cairns was born on the 26th June 1896 in Port Pirie, South Australia. He was the only son of William Cairns, a Scottish timber contractor, and Amy Florence, nee Bell. He was educated at Riverton High School and Adelaide Boys High School, where he was co-dux with John Besley Gillen, before his tertiary education at the University of Adelaide as an exhibition scholar. He reported that he spoke English and German.

Cairns joined the AIF on 11th May 1915 as a private soldier. He was nearly 19 years old and had already served in the 23rd ALH at Riverton for 11 months. He was 5ft 11ins and weighed 161lbs. He travelled with reinforcements for 3 AGH on HMAT Mooltan to the Middle East and joined his unit on Lemnos. He undertook medical orderly and nursing duties. He was promoted to Lance Corporal in September 1915 and, during this time, was admitted with influenza. He returned to Australia to complete his medical training on 13th March 1916 again performing nursing duties on the ship. He graduated from Adelaide University in 1917 as the Davies Thomas and Everard Scholar and South Australian Rhodes Scholar. He re-joined the army in August 1917 and on 9th November 1917 travelled on the Port Sydney to England and subsequently France where  he served with 2 AGH, 3 AGH, 47th British Division and 15 Fd Amb. 

He did not return to Australia following his service in France as he took up his Rhodes scholarship at Balliol College, Oxford in 1919. He rowed bow in the University Boat Race and was President of the Balliol Boat Club. He continued his training in pathology and then surgery at The London Hospital; he obtained the FRCS in 1921 and in this year married Barbara Forster the youngest daughter of AL Smith the Master of Balliol. His initial surgical interests were related to genito-urinary problems and he lectured on these topics at the RCS where he was the Hunterian Professor of anatomy. A growing interest in neurosurgery saw him take leave to study with Cushing in Boston in 1926-7. He returned to establish a neurological surgery unit at The London Hospital and with others established the new school of British neurosurgery. Cairns had an international reputation when TE Lawrence was fatally injured in a motor bike accident in 1935 and he was summoned to treat him. His enthusiasm for neurosurgery was instrumental in encouraging Lord Nuffield to endow the new Nuffield chair in Surgery in Oxford in 1937 to which Cairns moved from London. He rejoined the Army in WW2 rising to the rank of Brigadier; he was advisor to the Ministry of Health on head injuries, and stressed the advantages of early air evacuation of the injured, Cairns established mobile neurosurgical units early in WW2. Nearly 20,000 patients were treated by these units in which Cairns and Florey (Adelaide Rhodes Scholar successor) were amongst the first to use penicillin in neurological injury.  Widespread use of penicillin was born. A young RAMC surgeon, Dick Jepson, was in one of these units and later he moved to Adelaide and became the Professor of Surgery at the University of Adelaide and the Adelaide Hospital, 1958-1968. Early in the WW2 Cairns persuaded the army to make crash helmets for dispatch riders compulsory; this, now routine protection for bike riders, is one of Cairns many lasting legacies. He was appointed KBE in 1946 and the next year, when the Sims Commonwealth Professor appointed by the RCS, was awarded an honorary MD (Adelaide). Hugh William Cairns died of cancer in the Radcliffe Infirmary on 18th July 1952 leaving a widow, two sons and two daughters.

CAIRNS Sir Hugh William Bell KBE DM MD FRCS

World War 2

1896-1952

Hugh William Bell Cairns was born on the 26th June 1896, in Port Pirie, South Australia. He was the only son of William Cairns, a Scottish timber contractor, and Amy Florence, nee Bell. He was educated at Riverton High School and Adelaide Boys High School, and began medicine at the University of Adelaide as an exhibition scholar.   He enlisted as a private soldier in WWI and served on Lemnos with 3 AGH, as a nurse, before returning to Australia and completing his medical studies and graduating, in 1917. Cairns was academically brilliant and was awarded the David Thomas and Everard Scholarships and was the South Australian Rhodes Scholar.  He also represented the University in rowing and lacrosse. He was commissioned as a captain and returned to France and served with several medical units for the rest of WW1, remaining in England on his discharge. Cairns then took up his Rhodes scholarship at Balliol College, Oxford University, in 1919. He initially studied Pathology and later, at London Hospital, he studied surgery, and obtained his FRCS in 1921. Cairns married Barbara Forster Smith, on 24th November 1921.  She was the youngest daughter of Arthur Lionel and Mary Florence Smith. Her father was the Master of Balliol College. He then became the Hunterian Professor of Anatomy, lecturing at the Royal College of Surgeons, in his initial interest in genito-urinary surgery. Cairns developed an interest in neurosurgery, and took leave to travel to the United States to study with Cushing in Boston in 1926. Returning to England, Cairns established a Neuro-surgical unit at the London Hospital, with Geoffrey Jefferson and N. M. Dott. He developed an international reputation as a neurosurgeon. One of his patients was Thomas Edward Lawrence (Lawrence of Arabia), who suffered a fatal head injury from a motorbike accident. Cairns then took the position of the newly established Nuffield Chair in surgery at Oxford University in 1937.  Cairns who had been consultant neurosurgeon to the army between the wars, was called to the War Office, in 1938, to discuss the provision of neurosurgical services to the military.

Cairns enlisted in the RAMC, at the start of WW2, eventually reaching the rank of Brigadier. With other senior officers of the services they created St. Hugh's College for head injuries, at Oxford, which opened in February 1940. He inspired and taught a generation of neurosurgeons, neurologists, and neurological nurses in the care of brain and spinal cord injuries. Cairns also trained the first full-time female neurosurgeon. During the war, St Hugh’s College treated some 13,000 service personnel. Cairns was the adviser to the Ministry of Health on head injuries and neurosurgeon to the army. He stressed the advantages of early evacuation for treatment. He formed mobile neurosurgical units. With Florey, also an Adelaide University graduate and Rhodes Scholar, he was responsible for the introduction of the use of penicillin in neurosurgery with dramatic benefits. Dick Jepson, later Professor of Surgery at the University of Adelaide, was also in one of these units. Early in WW2 Cairns persuaded the Army to make it compulsory for dispatch riders on motorcycles to wear helmets, to reduce injuries in accidents. Cairns' work in military medicine and head injury to mitigate and manage brain injury is one of his many legacies now common in modern use.

It was said of Cairns that every patient became his friend for life. He was an exacting exemplar. He expected much of his students and himself. Even after his diagnosis with cancer, he continued to work.  He was flown to treat General George Patton. Cairns authored over a hundred papers. He was appointed KBE in 1946. In 1947 he was the Sims Commonwealth Professor appointed by the Royal College of Surgeons. He was awarded an Honorary MD (Adelaide). Hugh William Bell Cairns died of cancer in the Radcliffe Infirmary, on 18th July 1952, He was survived by his wife, Barbara, and their two sons and two daughters.

Source

Blood, Sweat and Fears III: Medical Practitioners South Australia, who Served in World War 2. 

Swain, Jelly, Verco, Summers. Open Books Howden, Adelaide 2019. 

Uploaded by Annette Summers AO RFD

From Adelaide High School Magazine, Midwinter 1915. Correspondence.

The following is an extract from a letter sent by Hugh Cairns, who in 1911 was one of
The Magazine Editors. He won a medical scholarship, tenable at the Adelaide University :-
"You will probably be very surprised to receive this letter from me, and to know that I
am sailing for England with the No. 3 Australian Double General Hospital. We go to London
direct to equip, and then our destination is censored.
"Well, I had hankered after going as soon as I heard Drs. de Crespigny and Cudmore -
our best honoraries - were going, but did not like to take the step on account of domestic
arrangements. Father and mother thought that perhaps it was better to stay, but advised me to
see Mr. Noack. He advised me to go, and when I went home on Thursday, May 6 (the
casualty lists had come out). mother and father were keen on my going. I went to Sydney
next day, and went into camp on Monday. The boat sailed from Sydney on the following
Saturday. We arrived in Melbourne on Monday, and I came overland to Adelaide, and had a
day at home before rejoining the boat again on Thursday. It was all done very suddenly, but
really in one way I think it is best to dispense with a lot of these farewells.
"As regards the wisdom of the step, the medical experience will not be of much value
to me afterwards; one may gain experience in operative technique - but the worldly
experience will be good and I hope to be able to come back again and finish my work with a
more experienced outlook on things. Then, again, I would sooner go now than push through
and become qualified at the age of twenty, and have to wait a year for registration. Also I will
be with doctors aforementioned, and they are always willing to teach.
"To cap all, one would have lasting regret if the war finished and one had not helped.
"If we settle in England, and there is a possibility of it, I will probably be able to do
my membership of the College of Surgeons. My scholarship is to be held over for me.
"Will you please give my best wishes to all my former teachers and contemporaries. I
am very sorry that I did not have time to come up and say good-bye to you all. I am realizing
every day more and more how much I gained out of the A.H.S., and will always be keenly
interested in hearing anything about it.
"We have a very fine lot of chaps with us. I am a private at present, but apart from
rank hope to get some good work to do when the hospital starts work."