Virtual
War Memorial
Australia

Life preceding his service

In Obo (or Abo, later named Turku), the ancient capital of Finland, Aexel Valentine Josephson was born on the 29th of February 1884. His father, Otto Josephson, listed as his next of kin, was born in 1860 and remained in Westernkarn, Finland. Aexel was considered Finnish, as well as a Russian subject, due to the fact Finland was included within the Russian Empire, as a grand duchy, until 1917. At 26 years old, he migrated to Australia via England, arriving in Fremantle, Western Australia, in either 1910 or 1913, per the English ship Armadale or Armidale.

This was considered quite a mature age already for service in Australia, however, was normalised in his home country. A sailor or seaman was his current occupation at the time, with a single marital status and Lutheran being his religious denomination. A book (Russian Anzacs) written by credible historian, Dr Elena Govor, disclosed how ‘54% of Finns were Seaman’ and generally ‘the older Russians were single’.

Both his service record and the Police Gazette (29/4/1931) describe him as a relatively short man (at 5’4), with blue eyes, fair skin and hair, large ears, discoloured teeth and weighing 67kg. Soon after, he travelled to South Australia, completing numerous railway contracts as a labourer within the state. Prior to Aexel’s enlistment, he resided in Victor Harbor, under the care of C. Smith. The reason for his migration and enlistment is likely due to the economic hardship he faced in Europe.

Enlistment & Service During the War

At 31 ½ years of age, with no prior military service, Aexel Valentine Josephson enlisted for the Australian Imperial Force at the Keswick Barracks, South Australia, on the 22nd of July 1915. Three days prior, he had completed his medical examination and been officially deemed fit for service. On enlistment, Aexel brought with him a letter from the Imperial Russian Consulate of South Australia, demonstrating they had ‘no objection to his joining the Imperial Expeditionary Force’. This was included within his service record, dated the 20th of July 1915 and was critical, as he was not a naturalised subject. The attestation form states as one of the questions: ‘British Subject or a Naturalized British Subject?’. Aexel in response simply wrote ‘Russian Subject’, which in modern times would not have been accepted, however was permitted as Russia and Britain were allies during the war.

Elaine Hanneson is a researcher and photographic archivist at the Army Museum of South Australia (AMOSA), who has in her research of thousands of Australian soldiers, ‘never seen a letter from the consulate appended to a service record’. This leads to the idea that this letter may have had greater significance in Aexel’s enlistment, than other Russian Anzacs. He joined the 27th Infantry Battalion, 4th Reinforcement, as a private, with his unit embarking from Adelaide, on the 21st of September that year, on the HMAT A15 Star of England for Egypt. This journey would have taken approximately four months, then Aexel would have trained in Heliopolis (major city in Ancient Egypt) prior to his first engagement on the Western Front.

On the 7th of December 1915, in Heliopolis, Aexel was absent from a parade, until apprehended by his CO (Commanding Officer) at 5:50pm and awarded 168 hours of detention. On the 12th of January 1916, he was taken on strength in Tel el Kebir, which was a training camp utilised by the ANZACS. According to his service record, Aexel proceeded from Alexandrina (Egypt) to join the British Expeditionary Force in France, on the 16th of March 1916. He disembarked in Marseilles, a port city situated in Southern France, on March 21st. In France, he was again absent without leave, from tattoo (the evening call back to quarters, therefore absence without permission after the time of the recall, would be an offence) on the 24th of November. He remained absent until reveille (a signal used to awake armed forces), on the 26th. Aexel’s punishment was 21 days of field punishment No. 2 and forfeiture of 24 days of pay. Field punishment No. 2 means the offender can be kept in irons (such as handcuffs), straps or ropes or undertake hard labour.

Aexel was granted English leave on the 13th of January 1917, returning on February 2nd. A month later, he was wounded in action in France, on the 2nd of March, with his battalion suffering 90 recorded casualties. It was written on his casualty form as a highly explosive shrapnel wound, caused by a bullet, seriously injuring his right eye, arm, and thigh. The same day he was admitted to the 45th Casualty Clearing Station (CCS), their job being to treat a man sufficiently, in order to be evacuated to a base hospital. On the 4th of March, he was relocated to the 6th General Hospital, located in Rouen (Southern France). Two days following, he embarked for England on HS (Hospital Ship) St David, for further medical treatment. March 7th, he was admitted to the 2nd Birmingham War Hospital, in England, listed as having multiple GSW (gunshot wounds). Aexel was then transferred to the 1st Auxiliary Hospital, located in Harefield (Southern England), on July 21st. He was granted furlough from August 15th to 29th, then reposted to the No. 2 Command Depot, Weymouth, on his final day of leave. The purpose of this depot was for servicemen, who were in the process of recovering from an illness or injury. Aexel’s recovery was long and difficult, listed as sick at the Royal Hospital, Weymouth, on the 3rd of September.

Aexel commenced his return to Australia from England, on the 20th of December 1917, on board HMAT Runic. He disembarked in Melbourne, on the 12th of February 1918, and was discharged as medically unfit (not due to misconduct) on the 28th of February. A letter sent from the Keswick Barracks (4th Military District), addressed to Base Records, Victoria Barracks, Melbourne in April 1918, finalised his dischargement. Aexel did not change ranks throughout his service, remaining a private, nor battalions/reinforcements. There would not have been a chance for this to occur, as after his training in Egypt was completed, he was seriously injured in his service, spending the remainder of 1917 in recovery. March 1st, he was granted a war pension of 3 pounds per fortnight, and he had returned to residing in Victor Harbor. Considering inflation, his pension would approximately equal $300 per fortnight, in 2022. Aexel served a total of 2 years and 222 days, with 2 years and 145 days spent abroad. He ended his service at 33 years old, his casualties a devastating result for his bravery and ANZAC spirit.

The 27th Infantry Battalion was one of two predominately South Australian battalions, who served in the 7th Brigade, in the second division. Their commanding officer being Lieutenant Colonel Walter Dollman VD. The battalion had few major attacks on the Western Front, including the Battle of Pozieres and the Battle of Menin Road, mainly focusing on the defensive action against the Hindenburg Line (German defensive position, involving three trench systems). Due to the training conducted by Aexel, his casualties and long rehabilitation, he fought in few major battles. It could be assumed he was involved in the major Battle of Pozieres, beginning on the 23rd of July 1916. As well as the Battle of Flers, which took place on the 5th of November 1916. The battalion was one of the first to face the Germans on the Western Front and a German Intelligence Diary refers to them as “one of Australia’s invincible battalions”.

The date of Aexel’s casualty, the 2nd of March 1917, the battalion were involved in a bloody engagement against the enemy. Excerpts analysed from the 27th Infantry Battalion’s unit diary between the 1/3/17 and 2/3/17, provided further details regarding how his casualty was sustained. The story gathered was that his battalion attacked the Hindenburg Line (Malt Trench) frontally on the 1st, planning to bomb the trench. This would allow them to connect with other troops on their right (including the 14th Battalion), at 2:30 am. On the 2nd, they were then flanked (a military tactic where the enemy is attacked from one or more sides, at an angle to the enemy’s direction of engagement) by the enemy. A counter attack was immediately organised, which was initially successful. They consolidated their position and the battalions’ men were kept out of the enemies view. By that night, a trench 500 yards long and 6 feet deep had been dug. The men struggled to hold their ground and the result was devastating, with 95 wounded and 60 of the enemy killed. The 95 wounded links closely to the 90 injured within the battalion on the same day, listed in the casualty form.

Life following the War

Aexel Valentine Josephson married on the 25th of March 1920, at 36 years old, to Elizabeth (Lizzie) Ann Evans (father being Joseph Evans). He was a bachelor and carpenter, whilst she was a spinster and domestic. Their marriage was Presbyterian and occurred at House Adelaide (21 Robert Street off Wakefield Street). Their current residence was in Brompton, and this was Elizabeth’s second marriage. She married Frederick John Leader in England, on the 8th of May 1909 and they lived together in England, then Western Australia and finally South Australia where he, like Aexel, left Adelaide to serve in 1915 (32nd Battalion). An interesting similarity being that both men were railway labourers. According to an article published in The Daily Herald, on the 4th of July 1919, Frederick sued for a dissolution of the marriage, on the ground of her misconduct with Aexel. It is believed that Aexel was unaware Elizabeth was married and when Frederick returned from the war (May 1918), his wife was pregnant with Aexel’s child. A decree nisi was granted, and Frederick was given the custody of the two children of the marriage, Mahalia, and Florence Marie (born 1916). This was standard for the times, as it was believed only the men had the means to financially support their children.

Aexel fathered eight children (four girls and four boys) with Elizabeth, three boys sadly passing away between the ages of three and five. The child Elizabeth was pregnant with during the divorce, was Alma Leader and she was born on the 28th of May 1919, whilst they lived in North Adelaide. The Genealogy SA database showed Alma attended Gilles Street Primary School (located in the city) in 1930. Their first son Arthur Valentine Josephson was born on the 24th of May 1921 (in Brompton), but sadly passed away at the Children’s Hospital, on the 23rd of August 1926 (aged five years and three months). During the time of his passing, the family lived at George Street, Kilkenny and resided there until at least 1928. Audrey Priscilla Josephson was born on the 15th of October 1923 and on the 27th of January 1925, Mavis Joyce Josephson was born, both daughters attended school in 1930. According to Genealogy SA’s newspaper marriages database, in 1948, Mavis married John William. A year later, on the 7th of January 1926, Hilda Mary Josephson was born and attended school in 1931. She married Keith Ronald Higgins, sadly in 1947, the couple divorced.

The Josephson’s second son, Raymond Valentine, was born on the 23rd of February 1928. He passed away suddenly on the 27th of April 1931, at the Children’s Hospital, aged three years and was reunited with his older brother, Arthur. Edward Bryant Josephson was born on the 6th of April 1929 and attended Gilles Street Primary School with Alma. Aexel and Elizabeth’s final child, Eric William was born in 1931 and passed away on the 17th of April 1936, at five years old. On the 19th, he was buried at Cheltenham Cemetery, where both Raymond and Arthur were buried. Aexel and Elizabeth were very public with their gratitude towards their friends and family, as well as commemorating their children. This was especially meaningful, as the family were struggling financially and simply would not have been able to afford it. In 1936, the family were living at 10 Ruthven Avenue, Adelaide.

Newspaper articles display a number of families and people the Josephson’s were friends with. A notable one being Reverend P. Eckersley, a returned serviceman from South Africa and Christian Jenson, a loved friend of the family, who passed away at sea in 1939. Others included Mrs and Miss Hall and Mr and Mrs Sparnon. Aexel and Elizabeth also remained close with Mahalia and Florence Leader, even after her separation with Frederick. Florence became engaged to Reginald English in December 1934. He sadly passed away at 23 years old, on the 23rd of October 1938. Only Aexel and Elizabeth were mentioned in the article on his passing, with him being their loved son-in-law. Frederick John Leader passed away in 1971, following the divorce, he had remarried to a woman named Lucy. In 1943, on the 13th of April, Alma gave birth to a daughter, at Calvary Hospital, with a Mr Ellis.

The Great Depression, lasting approximately a decade, made the Josephson’s life very difficult. They moved house multiple times, mainly between rental accommodation and in 1930, lived in Carrington Street, Adelaide. This house was owned by the Congregational Provident Trust (church charity) and when leaving, around October 4th, Aexel took the stove (valued at £4), replacing it with a wooden one. He proceeded to sell it, however, was caught and charged with committing larceny. Aexel pleaded how he had been unemployed for the last two years, living only on his war pension, in order to provide for seven children and his wife. He was provided bail, at £25 but still fined an amount of £2 and 10 shillings, which he certainly could not afford. The next year, on the 11th of March 1931, a warrant for Aexel was issued, due to him not paying the fine. During this time, the family was recorded as living on 148 West Terrace, Adelaide. 

If Aexel could not pay the amount, he would spend four days in the Adelaide Gaol (jail). He managed to pay £2, however not the 10 shillings, which resulted in the Police Gazette (29th of April 1931) noting he still owed money. Another issue of the gazette, on the 13th of May, described how Aexel must pay the remainder of the fine or be thrown in jail. He managed to provide the 10 shillings and he was let go. Dr Elena Govor’s research again provided insight into Aexel’s circumstances, as Finnish men struggled following the war to find employment other than labour. His injuries from service would have significantly impacted his employment opportunities. This appeared to be his only conviction or confrontation with the law and on the 8th of July 1942, was officially naturalised as an Australian citizen. His papers are currently in the National Archives of Canberra.

Aexel Valentine Josephson died on the 28th of May 1954, at the Repatriation Hospital, Springbank, sleeping peacefully. The cause of his death being stomach cancer. His last place of residence, before the hospital, was 117 Phillip Street, Adelaide. His death notice in the Advertiser on the 31st of May, read: “beloved husband…loving father…Loving stepfather…Loved by all.” He was 70 years old and buried on the 31st of May at Centennial Park, with his name in the Garden of Remembrance (Wall 25, Row U). His funeral took place in the Chapel of the Repatriation Hospital and was organised by Partington & Son. Aexel’s last listed occupation was a carpenter. Elizabeth and Aexel’s graves were located in General A, Path 24, 688A, however both expired and were removed in 2004. He is commemorated not only at Centennial Park, but at Victor Harbor War Memorial on a monument (his name on a bronze plaque) and the Victor Harbor WWI Roll of Honour.

ANZAC Spirit

In recognition of Aexel Valentine Josephson’s service, he received three medals: 1914/15 Star, British War Medal, and Victory Medal. All three of these were awarded to all ANZACS who served in World War I. However, the biography of Aexel tells the often-forgotten tale of diggers who possessed and exemplified the ANZAC spirit but who were not affluent, did not receive additional medals and survived their service. It took significant courage for Aexel to leave behind his only home and family, for a foreign land, where he would serve. He demonstrated endurance throughout his time on the Western Front and extraordinary resilience, when recovering from his casualty. Whilst he may not have been an exemplary model of discipline, Aexel fought valiantly and bravely with his fellow servicemen, never failing to display mateship.

Following his service, it was clear how genuine, selfless, and generous he was towards those he cared for. Particularly for his family, Aexel was determined to provide and care for them, even when this jeopardised himself. His children, including stepchildren and his wife, loved him immensely, a reflection of his character. Aexel’s life was one marred with great sacrifice, injury, and loss. Whilst simultaneously, it was the epitome of the key traits which form the ANZAC Spirit: endurance, courage, and mateship.

Referencing (not including folio):

Databases:

Ancestry.com. Public Member Trees [database on-line], 2006. Original data: Family trees submitted by Ancestry members

Army Museum of South Australia, (provided general research assistance)

Genealogy SA 2018, Alma Josephson School Admission, Genealogysa.org.au, viewed 30 March 2022, <https://www.genealogysa.org.au/index.php?option=com_gsa&view=gsa&layout=essearch&collection_id=school-admissions&page_no=1&sort_by=&sort_direction=asc&Surname=Josephson&GivenName=Alma&year_from=&accuracy=>.

Genealogy SA 2018, Arthur Josephson Birth Registrations, Genealogysa.org.au, viewed 30 March 2022, <https://www.genealogysa.org.au/index.php?option=com_gsa&view=gsa&layout=essearch&collection_id=birth&page_no=1&sort_by=&sort_direction=asc&Surname=Josephson&GivenName=Arthur&year_from=&accuracy=>.

Genealogy SA 2018, Arthur Josephson Death Registration, Genealogysa.org.au, viewed 30 March 2022, <https://www.genealogysa.org.au/index.php?option=com_gsa&view=gsa&layout=essearch&collection_id=death&page_no=1&sort_by=&sort_direction=asc&Surname=Josephson&GivenName=Arthur&year_from=&accuracy=>.

Genealogy SA 2018, Audrey Priscilla Josephson Birth Registration, Genealogysa.org.au, viewed 30 March 2022, <https://www.genealogysa.org.au/index.php?option=com_gsa&view=gsa&layout=essearch&collection_id=birth&page_no=1&sort_by=&sort_direction=asc&Surname=Josephson&GivenName=Audrey&year_from=&accuracy=>.

Genealogy SA 2018, Audrey Priscilla Josephson School Admission, Genealogysa.org.au, viewed 30 March 2022, <https://www.genealogysa.org.au/index.php?option=com_gsa&view=gsa&layout=essearch&collection_id=school-admissions&page_no=1&sort_by=&sort_direction=asc&Surname=Josephson&GivenName=Audrey&year_from=&accuracy=>.

Genealogy SA 2018, Audrey Priscilla Winkler Newspaper Death Notices, Genealogysa.org.au, viewed 30 March 2022, <https://www.genealogysa.org.au/index.php?option=com_gsa&view=gsa&layout=essearch&collection_id=newspaper-death&page_no=1&sort_by=&sort_direction=asc&Surname=Josephson&GivenName=Audrey&year_from=&accuracy=>.

Genealogy SA 2018, Axel Josephson All Other Records, Genealogysa.org.au, viewed 30 March 2022, <https://www.genealogysa.org.au/index.php?option=com_gsa&view=gsa&layout=essearch&collection_id=misc&page_no=1&sort_by=&sort_direction=asc&Surname=Josephson&GivenName=Axel&year_from=&accuracy=>.

Genealogy SA 2018, Axel Josephson Death Registration, Genealogysa.org.au, viewed 30 March 2022, <https://www.genealogysa.org.au/index.php?option=com_gsa&view=gsa&layout=essearch&collection_id=death&page_no=1&sort_by=&sort_direction=asc&Surname=Josephson&GivenName=Axel&year_from=&accuracy=>.

Genealogy SA 2018, Axel Josephson Marriage, Genealogysa.org.au, viewed 30 March 2022, <https://www.genealogysa.org.au/index.php?option=com_gsa&view=gsa&layout=essearch&collection_id=marriage&page_no=1&sort_by=&sort_direction=asc&Surname=Josephson&GivenName=Axel&year_from=&accuracy=>.

Genealogy SA 2018, Elizabeth Leader Newspaper Divorces, Genealogysa.org.au, viewed 30 March 2022, <https://www.genealogysa.org.au/index.php?option=com_gsa&view=gsa&layout=essearch&collection_id=divorce&page_no=1&sort_by=&sort_direction=asc&Surname=Leader&GivenName=Frederick&year_from=&accuracy=>.

Genealogy SA 2018, Eric Josephson Death Registration, Genealogysa.org.au, viewed 30 March 2022, <https://www.genealogysa.org.au/index.php?option=com_gsa&view=gsa&layout=essearch&collection_id=death&page_no=1&sort_by=&sort_direction=asc&Surname=Josephson&GivenName=Eric&year_from=&accuracy=>.

Genealogy SA 2018, Florence Leader Birth Registration, Genealogysa.org.au, viewed 30 March 2022, <https://www.genealogysa.org.au/index.php?option=com_gsa&view=gsa&layout=essearch&collection_id=birth&page_no=1&sort_by=&sort_direction=asc&Surname=Leader&GivenName=Florence&year_from=&accuracy=>.

Genealogy SA 2018, Hilda Mary Higgins Newspaper Divorces, Genealogysa.org.au, viewed 30 March 2022, <https://www.genealogysa.org.au/index.php?option=com_gsa&view=gsa&layout=essearch&collection_id=divorce&page_no=1&sort_by=&sort_direction=asc&Surname=Higgins&GivenName=Hilda&year_from=&accuracy=>.

Genealogy SA 2018, Hilda Mary Josephson Birth Registration, Genealogysa.org.au, viewed 30 March 2022, <https://www.genealogysa.org.au/index.php?option=com_gsa&view=gsa&layout=essearch&collection_id=birth&page_no=1&sort_by=&sort_direction=asc&Surname=Josephson&GivenName=Hilda&year_from=&accuracy=>.

Genealogy SA 2018, Hilda Mary Josephson School Admission, Genealogysa.org.au, viewed 30 March 2022, <https://www.genealogysa.org.au/index.php?option=com_gsa&view=gsa&layout=essearch&collection_id=school-admissions&page_no=1&sort_by=&sort_direction=asc&Surname=Josephson&GivenName=Hilda&year_from=&accuracy=>.

Genealogy SA 2018, Lizzie Ann Josephson Death Registration, Genealogysa.org.au, viewed 30 March 2022, <https://www.genealogysa.org.au/index.php?option=com_gsa&view=gsa&layout=essearch&collection_id=death&page_no=1&sort_by=&sort_direction=asc&Surname=Josephson&GivenName=Lizzie+Ann&year_from=&accuracy=>.

Genealogy SA 2018, Mavis Joyce Josephson Birth Registration, Genealogysa.org.au, viewed 30 March 2022, <https://www.genealogysa.org.au/index.php?option=com_gsa&view=gsa&layout=essearch&collection_id=birth&page_no=1&sort_by=&sort_direction=asc&Surname=Josephson&GivenName=Mavis+Joyce&year_from=&accuracy=>.

Genealogy SA 2018, Mavis Joyce Josephson Newspaper Marriages, Genealogysa.org.au, viewed 30 March 2022, <https://www.genealogysa.org.au/index.php?option=com_gsa&view=gsa&layout=essearch&collection_id=newspaper-marriage&page_no=1&sort_by=&sort_direction=asc&Surname=Josephson&GivenName=Mavis+Joyce&year_from=&accuracy=>.

Genealogy SA 2018, Mavis Joyce Josephson School Admission, Genealogysa.org.au, viewed 30 March 2022, <https://www.genealogysa.org.au/index.php?option=com_gsa&view=gsa&layout=essearch&collection_id=school-admissions&page_no=1&sort_by=&sort_direction=asc&Surname=Josephson&GivenName=Mavis+Joyce&year_from=&accuracy=>.

Genealogy SA 2018, Raymond Josephson Birth Registration, Genealogysa.org.au, viewed 30 March 2022, <https://www.genealogysa.org.au/index.php?option=com_gsa&view=gsa&layout=essearch&collection_id=birth&page_no=1&sort_by=&sort_direction=asc&Surname=Josephson&GivenName=Raymond&year_from=&accuracy=>.

Genealogy SA 2018, Raymond Josephson Death Registration, Genealogysa.org.au, viewed 30 March 2022, <https://www.genealogysa.org.au/index.php?option=com_gsa&view=gsa&layout=essearch&collection_id=death&page_no=1&sort_by=&sort_direction=asc&Surname=Josephson&GivenName=Raymond&year_from=&accuracy=>.

Books:

Bean, C.E.W. and Gullet, H.S. (1940). Photographic record of the War : reproductions of pictures taken by Australian official photographers (Captains G.H. Wilkins, and J.F. Hurley, Lieutenants H.F. Baldwin and J.P. Campbell) and others. Sydney: Angus And Robertson Ltd.

Dollman, W. and Skinner, H.M. (1988). The blue and brown diamond : a history of the 27th Battalion Australian Imperial Force, 1915-1919. Swanbourne, W.A.: J. Burridge Military Antiques.

Extract from Manual of military law, HMSO, London, 1914, Rules for Field Punishment

Scrimgeour, G. (2021). FROM HERE THEY MARCHED : mitcham camp and the training of aif volunteers in south australia... 1914-1918. S.L.: Green Hill Publishing.

Websites:

Abbreviations used in World War I and World War II service records | naa.gov.au 2022, Naa.gov.au, viewed 4 April 2022, <https://www.naa.gov.au/explore-collection/defence-and-war-service-records/researching-war-service/abbreviations-used-world-war-i-and-world-war-ii-service-records>.

Australian War Memorial 2016, Aexel Valentine Josephson, First World War Embarkation Roll, viewed 4 April 2022, <https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/R1928287>.

Australian War Memorial 2016, Aexel Valentine Josephson, First World War Nominal Roll, viewed 4 April 2022, <https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/R2214768>.

Australian War Memorial 2017, Battle of Flers, Collection, viewed 4 April 2022, <https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/E84320>.

Australian War Memorial 2013, Battle of Pozieres, Collection, viewed 4 April 2022, <https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/E84338>.

Australian War Memorial 2021, Field punishment | Australian War Memorial, Encyclopedia, viewed 4 April 2022, <https://www.awm.gov.au/articles/encyclopedia/field_punishment#:~:text=There%20were%20two%20categories%20field,attached%20to%20a%20fixed%20object.>.

Australian War Memorial 2021, The Hindenburg Line: Breaking the Hindenburg Line | Australian War Memorial, Exhibitions, viewed 4 April 2022, <https://www.awm.gov.au/visit/exhibitions/1918/battles/hindenburg>.

Australian War Memorial 2018, Hindenburg Line, Collection, viewed 4 April 2022, <https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/E84703>.

Australian War Memorial 2016, 27th Australian Infantry Battalion, Collection, viewed 4 April 2022, <https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/U51467>.

Axel Valentine Josephson - Centennial Park 2021, Centennial Park, viewed 4 April 2022, <https://www.centennialpark.org/memorial-search-list/axel-valentine-josephson-10121/>.

Centennial Park 2021, Axel Valentine Josephson - Centennial Park, Centennial Park, viewed 30 March 2022, <https://www.centennialpark.org/memorial-search-list/axel-valentine-josephson-10121/>.

Centennial Park 2021, Lissie Ann Josephson - Centennial Park, Centennial Park, viewed 30 March 2022, <https://www.centennialpark.org/memorial-search-list/lissie-ann-josephson-22027/>.

Classification of wounds used by the British Army in the First World War - The Long, Long Trail 2021, The Long, Long Trail, viewed 4 April 2022, <https://www.longlongtrail.co.uk/soldiers/a-soldiers-life-1914-1918/the-evacuation-chain-for-wounded-and-sick-soldiers/classification-of-wounds-using-by-the-british-army-in-the-first-world-war/>.

Command Depots - The Long, Long Trail 2018, The Long, Long Trail, viewed 4 April 2022, <https://www.longlongtrail.co.uk/soldiers/a-soldiers-life-1914-1918/the-evacuation-chain-for-wounded-and-sick-soldiers/command-depots/#:~:text=A%20Command%20Depot%20was%20a,of%20beds%20in%20UK%20Hospitals.>.

CPI Inflation Calculator 2022, Inflation Calculator: 1635→2022, Department of Labor data, In2013dollars.com, viewed 4 April 2022, <https://www.in2013dollars.com/>.

DVA (Department of Veterans' Affairs) (2020), Timeline of Australians and the Gallipoli Campaign, DVA Anzac Portal, accessed 4 April 2022, https://anzacportal.dva.gov.au/wars-and-missions/ww1/where-australians-served/gallipoli/timeline

Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica 2022, Hindenburg Line | Location, Description, & Facts | Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, viewed 4 April 2022, <https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hindenburg-Line>.

Garden of Remembrance, South Australia, 2022, WW1 Cemeteries, viewed 4 April 2022, <https://www.ww1cemeteries.com/aus-sa-garden-of-remembrance.html>.

Govor, E 2014, Axel Valentine Josephson | Russian Anzacs, Russiananzacs.net, viewed 30 March 2022, <https://russiananzacs.net/JosephsonAV>.

GRM Listing Report, South Australian Garden of Remembrance

Keswick Barracks - AAFCANS: Army & Air Force Canteen Service 2021, AAFCANS: Army & Air Force Canteen Service, viewed 4 April 2022, <https://www.aafcans.gov.au/outlet/keswick-barracks/>.

Life story: Axel Valentine Josephson | Lives of the First World War 2022, Iwm.org.uk, viewed 4 April 2022, <https://livesofthefirstworldwar.iwm.org.uk/lifestory/7498284>.

Lissie Ann Josephson - Centennial Park 2021, Centennial Park, viewed 4 April 2022, <https://www.centennialpark.org/memorial-search-list/lissie-ann-josephson-22027/>.

Locations of British Casualty Clearing Stations - The Long, Long Trail 2022, The Long, Long Trail, viewed 4 April 2022, <https://www.longlongtrail.co.uk/army/regiments-and-corps/locations-of-british-casualty-clearing-stations/>.

NAA Service Record: B2455, JOSEPHSON AXEL VALENTINE (all pages used, due to it only containing 12 pages)

NAA: B2455, LEADER FREDERICK JOHN

National Archives of Australia 2013, Axel Valentine Josephson | Discovering Anzacs | National Archives of Australia and Archives NZ, Discovering Anzacs, viewed 4 April 2022, <https://discoveringanzacs.naa.gov.au/browse/person/228446>.

Records | Adelaide Cemeteries Authority 2022, Sa.gov.au, viewed 4 April 2022, <https://aca.sa.gov.au/index.php/record-search>.

Skrebels, P & Woods, C 2014, 27th Infantry Battalion, Vwma.org.au, viewed 4 April 2022, <https://vwma.org.au/explore/units/2>.

State Library Victoria 2022, Australians in World War 1: Medals, Research Guides, viewed 4 April 2022, <https://guides.slv.vic.gov.au/wwone_soldiers/medals>.

UNSW Australia, Canberra n.d., Details, AIF Project, viewed 16 March 2022, <https://www.aif.adfa.edu.au/showPerson?pid=172899>.

Articles:

1919 'ADELAIDE DIVORCE COURT', Western Argus (Kalgoorlie, WA : 1916 - 1938), 8 July, p. 28. , viewed 04 Apr 2022, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article34208981

1919 'BROKEN VOWS', Daily Herald (Adelaide, SA : 1910 - 1924), 4 July, p. 6. , viewed 05 Apr 2022, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article106468805

 1919 'MATRIMONIAL MISTAKES.', The Journal (Adelaide, SA : 1912 - 1923), 3 July, p. 1. (5 P.M. EDITION), viewed 05 Apr 2022, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article204716207

1919 'THE NUPTIAL KNOT.', The Express and Telegraph (Adelaide, SA : 1867 - 1922), 3 July, p. 1. (5 O'CLOCK EDITION. SPORTS NUMBER.), viewed 05 Apr 2022, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210595956

1920 'THE LAW COURTS.', The Journal (Adelaide, SA : 1912 - 1923), 13 March, p. 23. (NIGHT EDITION), viewed 05 Apr 2022, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article213324989

1926 'Family Notices', Chronicle (Adelaide, SA : 1895 - 1954), 28 August, p. 42. , viewed 05 Apr 2022, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article89789701

1926 'Family Notices', Chronicle (Adelaide, SA : 1895 - 1954), 11 September, p. 43. , viewed 05 Apr 2022, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article89787657

1927 'Family Notices', Chronicle (Adelaide, SA : 1895 - 1954), 27 August, p. 20. , viewed 05 Apr 2022, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article90081872

1928 'Family Notices', The Register (Adelaide, SA : 1901 - 1929), 3 March, p. 10. , viewed 05 Apr 2022, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article57044866

1928 'Family Notices', The Advertiser (Adelaide, SA : 1889 - 1931), 23 August, p. 12. , viewed 04 Apr 2022, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article29290794

1929 'Family Notices', The Advertiser (Adelaide, SA : 1889 - 1931), 13 April, p. 12. , viewed 04 Apr 2022, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article35720799

1930 'NEWS IN BRIEF', News (Adelaide, SA : 1923 - 1954), 15 October, p. 7. (HOME EDITION), viewed 05 Apr 2022, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article130220711

1930 'LAW COURTS', The Advertiser (Adelaide, SA : 1889 - 1931), 16 October, p. 13. , viewed 04 Apr 2022, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article29841841

1930 'LARCENY OF A STOVE', The Advertiser (Adelaide, SA : 1889 - 1931), 18 October, p. 17. , viewed 04 Apr 2022, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article2984226

1931 'Advertising', Advertiser and Register (Adelaide, SA : 1931), 29 April, p. 15. , viewed 05 Apr 2022, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article45763208

1931 'Family Notices', Chronicle (Adelaide, SA : 1895 - 1954), 7 May, p. 19. , viewed 05 Apr 2022, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article90623066

1934 'Family Notices', Chronicle (Adelaide, SA : 1895 - 1954), 27 December, p. 22. , viewed 05 Apr 2022, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91074486

1936 'Family Notices', The Advertiser (Adelaide, SA : 1931 - 1954), 20 April, p. 5. , viewed 05 Apr 2022, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article74153970

1936 'Family Notices', Chronicle (Adelaide, SA : 1895 - 1954), 23 April, p. 26. , viewed 05 Apr 2022, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article92343401

1938 'Family Notices', The Advertiser (Adelaide, SA : 1931 - 1954), 18 April, p. 4. , viewed 05 Apr 2022, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article74385352

1938 'Family Notices', The Advertiser (Adelaide, SA : 1931 - 1954), 28 October, p. 18. , viewed 04 Apr 2022, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article36587812

1939 'Family Notices', Chronicle (Adelaide, SA : 1895 - 1954), 13 April, p. 26. , viewed 05 Apr 2022, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article92429506

1942 'CERTIFICATES OF NATURALIZATION.', Commonwealth of Australia Gazette (National : 1901 - 1973), 20 August, p. 2071. , viewed 05 Apr 2022, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article232677409

1943 'Family Notices', The Advertiser (Adelaide, SA : 1931 - 1954), 15 April, p. 8. , viewed 05 Apr 2022, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article48908938

1954 'Family Notices', The Advertiser (Adelaide, SA : 1931 - 1954), 29 May, p. 26. , viewed 04 Apr 2022, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article48118490

1954 'Family Notices', The Advertiser (Adelaide, SA : 1931 - 1954), 31 May, p. 18. , viewed 04 Apr 2022, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article48116533The South Australian Police Gazette. (1930). 22 Oct., p.495.

1954 'Family Notices', Chronicle (Adelaide, SA : 1895 - 1954), 3 June, p. 42. , viewed 05 Apr 2022, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article93913423

The South Australian Police Gazette. (1931). 11 Mar., p.4.

The South Australian Police Gazette. (1931). 29 April., p.186.

The South Australian Police Gazette. (1931). 13 May., p.186.

Images: (Not already referenced in captions)

27th Infantry Battalion, 4th Reinforcement. (n.d.). Army Museum of South Australia, Elaine Hanneson.