Virtual
War Memorial
Australia

18th Battalion, 5th Brigade, 2nd Division, AIF

The 18th Battalion was raised at Liverpool SW of Sydney as part of the 5th Brigade in the 2nd Division, and its soldiers were drawn from NSW.  As men flocked to the colours, the 1st Division had been fully subscribed, so plans were immediately in hand to raise the 2nd Division along similar structural lines, although comprising three brigades (the 5th, 6th and 7th) to conform to standard British practice.

The 18th Battalion and the other elements of the 2nd Division left Australia during May 1915 disembarked and trained in Egypt from mid-June until mid-August, and began deploying to Gallipoli in late August.  The 18th Battalion landeed on on 22 August.  By then the August Offensive was in its final stages, having failed to achieve the desired breakout. The Battalion participated in the last action of the August Offensive 'the attack on Hill 60' were it sustained 50% casulaties and like many pther  Battalions at Gallipoli, lost their Commanding Officer, with very little gain to show for the sacrifice sustained.  They then settled defensive routine along the ANZAC front. The Battalion's primary responsibility was the defence of Courney's Post, a hotly contested position on the ANZAC front. The Battalion was evacuated from Gallipoli with the last men off on 20 December 1915.

After the withdrawal to Egypt the 18th Battalion was reinforced and undertook training while preparations were underway to expand the AIF and begin emarkation for the Western Front.  Landing at Marseilles on 22 March 1916, the 2nd Division was shipped north by train to the Flanders area of northern France, an area known as 'The Nursery' for newly arrived Battalions to condition themselves to the nature of trench warfare. 

With the Somme offensive underway from early July the AIF Divisions less the 5th (which stayed in Flanders to be committed to the ill-fated attack at Fleurbaix-Fromelles) and the 3rd (forming and training in the UK) were moved south to take part in proceedings.  The 18th Battlion went into action at Pozieres  between 25 July and 5 August. The Battalion was then committed to the attack on the Mouquet Farm trenches, although in a reserve role, between 18 and 28 August.

After a spell in a quieter sector of the front in Belgium, the 2nd Division, which included the 5th Brigade, returned south again in October. The 18th Battalion was spared from having to mount an attack across the quagmire that the Somme battlefield had become, but did have to continue manning the front through a very bleak winter; the coldest in living memory.

In 1917 the 2nd Division including 18th Battalion was involved in the follow-up of German forces after their retreat to the Hindenburg Line, and was one of the four battalions engaged in the defeat of a by a German counter-stroke force, almost four times as strong, at Lagincourt. The battalion also took part in Second Bullecourt (3-4 May) in France, in which the AIF Divisions sustained very heavy casualties.

The AIF relocated to Belgium for the Third Ypres Offensive in July, and the 18th Battalion was heavily engaged at Menin Road (20-22 September), Broodseinde Ridge (4 October) and Poelcappelle (9 October).

After another winter of trench duty in Flanders, the 18th Battalion and the rest of the Division was sent south when the great German Spring Offensive broke across the Allied Front in late March 1918, intended to dislocate the French British front and cut Paris off from the Channel Ports to give the Germans the best possible position from which to sue for peace on their terms before the arrival of US forces in large numbers.  The AIF was despatched piecemeal by the British High Command to block gaps in the crumbling British 5th Army front.

The 2nd Division spent most of this period in an arc south of Villers-Bretonneux north to Molancourt, under command of the British 3rd Army and had relieved the 4th Division after it had fought the Germans to a standstill near Dernancourt.  The 5th Brigade was detached under command of the British 4th Army and was deployed around Hangard Wood / Villers Bretonneux.

In May the Australian Corps was at last formed and General John Monash appointed as its commander, although not without a lot of opposition and thinly veiled anti-Semitism by people, including correspondents Bean and Packer trying to influence Australian PM Billy Hughes who himself was wavering.  They were proven wrong by subsequent events.

The Division and its Battalions were active in the period known as ‘Peaceful Penetration’, advancing the line by limited but coordinated attacks on German defensive outposts.

Le Hamel was the first test of the new Corps structure, but most importantly the tactis that Monash had been advocating;  each Division had at least a token representation in the Order of Battle.  It was a set-piece demonstration of the application of Combined Arms theory and it worked perfectly.  The 2nd Division contribution comprised elements of the 6th and 7th Brigades, including the 21st 23rd and 25th Battalions on the southern flank of the attack.  It was all over in 93 minutes, and Monash’s position as Corps Commander was secure.

A month later and it was time for the main event as the Battalion took its place in the Australian for the Great Allied offensive, the "Last Hundred Days" campaign beginning on the 8th August 1918 with the Battle of Amiens.  British III Corps north of the Somme, then the Australian and Canadian Corps side by side south of the Somme coordinated with the French Army further south.

The 2nd Division started the Amiens offensive on the right hand flank, leading ‘two-up’ with the 3rd Division on the left.    The 4th and 5th Divisions followed respectively with the 1st Division as Reserve.  Surprise, synchronised artillery that had achieved registration of targets using data from new sound-ranging techniques, and the shock action imparted by use of tanks on a scale hitherto not seen led to spectacular gains as Monash had forecast at Le Hamel and initial objectives were achieved within three hours.

The 2nd Division’s ‘finest hour’ was the attack on Mont St Quentin from 30 August to 2nd September in concert with the 5th Division which cleared the town of Peronne after a risky river crossing of the Somme.  The 6th Brigade’s consolidation of the heights of the Mont was the turning point of the battle.

Later the 18th Battalion was part of the force that breached the Hindenburg  / Beaurevoir Line around Montbrehain on 3 October. Montbrehain was the 18th Battalion's (and the AIF's) last battle. It was resting reinforcing and retraining out of the line when the armistice was declared in November 1918, and was disbanded in April 1919.

Commanding Officers

Chapman, Alfred Ernest
Wisdom, Evan Alexander
Murphy, George Francis

Awards / Decorations

Members of the 18th Battalion were awarded the following:

1 VC; 1 CMG; 5 DSO; 35 DCM; 44 MC; 159 MM; 7 MSM; 39 MID

Battle/Campaign/ Involvement

Gallipoli, 1915 (/explore/campaigns/1)  25 Apr - 19 Dec 1915

Suvla (the August Offensive / Hill 60) (/explore/campaigns/3) 6 Aug - 28 Aug 1915

Pozières (/explore/campaigns/6) (includes Mouquet Farm) 23 Jul - 12 Sep 1916

Bapaume, 1917 (/explore/campaigns/21) (Outpost Villages etc) 15 Feb - 3 Apr 1917

Bullecourt (/explore/campaigns/6)  3-11 May (2nd) 1917

Menin Road (/explore/campaigns/26)   20-21 Sep 1917

Polygon Wood (/explore/campaigns/19)  24-25 Sep 1917

Broodseinde (/explore/campaigns/18) 4 Oct 1917

Poelcappelle (/explore/campaigns/27) 9 Oct 1917

Passchendaele (/explore/campaigns/28)  24 Oct - 10 Nov 1918

Albert, 1918 (German Spring Offensive 1918 (/explore/campaigns/80)) 21 March - 1 May 1918

Hamel (/explore/campaigns/33)  4 Jul 1918

Amiens (/explore/campaigns/14) 8 Aug 1918

Mont St. Quentin (/explore/campaigns/15) 31 Aug - 2 Sep 1918

Hindenburg Line (/explore/campaigns/81) 28 Sep - 5 Oct 1918

Beaurevoir (Montbrehain) (/explore/campaigns/128) 5 Oct 1918

Generic Battle Honours

Egypt, 1915-16

Somme, 1916, '18

France and Flanders, 1916-18

Ypres, (/explore/campaigns/23) 1917

Sources:

AWM https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/U51457

Unit History: 

We would particularly like to encourage individual historians researchers or members of unit associations to contribute to the development of a more detailed history and photographs pertaining to this unit and its members.

Please contact  [email protected]  (mailto:[email protected]) for details on how to contribute.

Compiled by Steve Larkins Dec 2020